Above imagination,,,,,your obesity and teeth

no one can imagine this..that obesity and and tooth or oral environment are related to each other..even i was so shocked...this is my recent finding withja lot of inspiration by me teachers and various books.......learn it here.....

Obesity is considered to be an ongoing epidemic in the United States, with an estimated 31% of the adult population classified as obese. jiasa ki aap sabhi jaante hai A study published in the June 2009 issue of the Journal of Dental Research suggests that oral bacteria may contribute to the development of obesity. The study involved 313 overweight women, with a body mass index (BMI) between 27 and 32. After comparing the saliva of the overweight women to the saliva of 232 healthy individuals from periodontal disease studies, researchers discovered the likelihood that a single bacterial species (Selenomonas noxia) found in 98.4% of the overweight subjects may serve as a biological indicator of a developing overweight condition. Alternatively, the researchers believe in the possibility that oral bacteria may participate in the body processes that leads to obesity.

What Causes Oral Bacteria?

Preventing and controlling obesity generally begins with examining and modifying our diet. Researchers from the University of Washington School of Dentistry suggest there may be a connection between a high glycemic diet and dental disease.Fermentable carbohydrates, such as refined wheat flour, potatoes, rice, and pasta, convert into simple sugars in the mouth. These foods are believed by many experts to contribute to weight gain, leading up to obesity.
The connection these same sugars have on our dental health is rather interesting. When ingested, simple sugars are converted into plaque if not removed immediately. As plaque begins to accumulate on our teeth and gums, the risk for varying forms of gum disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis, as well as tooth decay, may become inevitable.
Although some viewpoints suggest that fermentable carbohydrates are essential to our diet, and preventing dental disease from the conversion of these sugars into plaque is preventable by following a regimented dental hygiene schedule, the possibility remains that following a low glycemic diet may be beneficial to our oral health and waistline; a concept that greatly increases our overall health and wellness.
As we continue to learn about the connection between our health and our mouth, the reaffirmation that regular dental examinations, meticulous dental hygiene by brushing and flossing twice daily, and conscious dietary modifications may prevent health complications related to gum disease and essentially oral bacteria. Who knows, a trip to see your dentist just might be what the doctor ordered. .

genral mouth and teeth care

 its very necessary to keep our self healthy and fit. But we rarely pay attention to our oral hygiene...its very dangerous...a lot of microbes and bacteria..enter in our body through mouth....so we must keep our oral hygine good...here are a fer tips....read and apply.............
No matter what your age, you need to take care of your teeth and mouth. When your mouth is healthy, you can easily eat the foods you need for good nutrition. Smiling, talking and laughing with others also are easier when your mouth is healthy.
Tooth Decay (Cavities)
Teeth are meant to last a lifetime. By taking good care of your teeth and gums, you can protect them for years to come. Tooth decay is not just a problem for children. It can happen as long as you have natural teeth in your mouth.
Tooth decay ruins the enamel that covers and protects your teeth. When you don’t take good care of your mouth, bacteria can cling to your teeth and form a sticky, colorless film called dental plaque. This plaque can lead to tooth decay and cavities. Gum disease can also cause your teeth to decay.
Fluoride is just as helpful for adults as it is for children. Using a fluoride toothpaste and mouth rinse can help protect your teeth. If you have a problem with cavities, your dentist or dental hygienist may give you a fluoride treatment during the office visit. The dentist also may prescribe a fluoride gel or mouth rinse for you to use at home.
Gum Diseases
Gum diseases (sometimes called periodontal or gingival diseases) are infections that harm the gum and bone that hold teeth in place. When plaque stays on your teeth too long, it forms a hard, harmful covering, called tartar, that brushing doesn’t clean. The longer the plaque and tartar stay on your teeth, the more damage they cause. Your gums may become red, swollen and bleed easily. This is called gingivitis.
If gingivitis is not treated, over time it can make your gums pull away from your teeth and form pockets that can get infected. This is called periodontitis. If not treated, this infection can ruin the bones, gums and tissue that support your teeth. In time, it can cause loose teeth that your dentist may have to remove.
Here’s how you can prevent gum disease:

• Brush your teeth twice a day (with a fluoride toothpaste)
• Floss once a day
• Make regular visits to your dentist for a checkup and cleaning
• Eat a well-balanced diet
• Don’t use tobacco products
• Cleaning Your Teeth and Gums

Knowing how to brush and floss the right way is a big part of good oral health. Here’s how: every day gently brush your teeth on all sides with a soft-bristle brush and fluoride toothpaste. Small round motions and short back-and-forth strokes work best. Take the time to brush carefully and gently along the gum line. Lightly brushing your tongue also helps.
Along with brushing, clean around your teeth with dental floss to keep your gums healthy.
Careful flossing will remove plaque and leftover food that a toothbrush can’t reach. Rinse after you floss.

	How to Floss
Hold floss as shown.	Use floss between upper teeth.	Use floss between lower teeth.

If brushing or flossing causes your gums to bleed or hurt your mouth, see your dentist. Your dentist also may prescribe a bacteria-fighting mouth rinse to help control plaque and swollen gums. Use the mouth rinse in addition to careful daily brushing and flossing. Some people with arthritis or other conditions that limit motion may find it hard to hold a toothbrush. It may help to attach the toothbrush handle to your hand with a wide elastic band. Some people make the handle bigger by taping it to a sponge or Styrofoam ball. People with limited shoulder movement may find brushing easier if they attach a long piece of wood or plastic to the handle. Electric toothbrushes can be helpful.
Dentures
Dentures (sometimes called false teeth) may feel strange at first. When you are learning to eat with them, it may be easier if you:

• Start with soft non-sticky food
• Cut your food into small pieces
• Chew slowly using both sides of your mouth

Dentures may make your mouth less sensitive to hot foods and liquids. They also may make it harder for you to notice harmful objects such as bones, so be careful. During the first few weeks you have dentures, your dentist may want to see you often to make sure they fit. Over time, your mouth changes and your dentures may need to be replaced or adjusted. Be sure to let your dentist handle these adjustments.
Keep your dentures clean and free from food that can cause stains, bad breath, or swollen gums. Once a day, brush all surfaces with a denture care product. When you go to sleep, take your dentures out of your mouth and put them in water or a denture cleansing liquid.
Take care of partial dentures the same way. Because bacteria can collect under the clasps (clips) that hold partial dentures, be sure to carefully clean that area.
Dental Implants
Dental implants are small metal pieces placed in the jaw to hold false teeth or partial dentures in place. They are not for everyone. You need a complete dental and medical checkup to find out if implants are right for you. Your gums must be healthy and your jawbone able to support the implants. Talk to your dentist to find out if you should think about dental implants.
Dry Mouth
Doctors used to think that dry mouth (xerostomia) was a normal part of aging. They now know that’s not true. Older, healthy adults shouldn’t have a problem with saliva.
Dry mouth happens when salivary glands don’t work properly. This can make it hard to eat, swallow, taste, and even speak. Dry mouth also can add to the risk of tooth decay and infection. You can get dry mouth from many diseases or medical treatments, such as head and neck radiation therapy. Many common medicines also can cause dry mouth.
If you think you have dry mouth, talk with your dentist or doctor to find out why. If your dry mouth is caused by a medicine you take, your doctor might change your medicine or dosage.
To prevent the dryness, drink extra water. Cut back on sugary snacks, drinks that have caffeine or alcohol, and tobacco. Your dentist or doctor also might suggest that you keep your mouth wet by using artificial saliva, which you can get from most drug stores. Some people benefit from sucking hard candy.
Oral Cancer
Oral cancer most often occurs in people over age 40. It’s important to catch oral cancer early, because treatment works best before the disease has spread. Pain often is not an early symptom of the disease.
A dental check-up is a good time for your dentist to look for early signs of oral cancer. Even if you have lost all your natural teeth, you should still see your dentist for regular oral cancer exams. See your dentist or doctor if you have trouble with swelling, numbness, sores or lumps in  your mouth, or if it becomes hard for you to chew, swallow, or move your jaw or tongue. These problems could be signs of oral cancer.
Here’s how you can lower your risk of getting oral cancer: don’t smoke; don’t use snuff or chew tobacco; if you drink alcohol, do so in moderation; use lip cream with sunscreen; and eat lots of fruits and vegetables.

anger mirror......teeth grinding

 I WILL KILL UUUUUUUUU..............do u feel the anger in these words.....and can u see the clenching of my tooth...this a very common disored .....every boby gring their teeths in anger..me also.........a few illustration for this behavior is given below.............
Teeth grinding disorder refers to Bruxism, which is a disorder in which one is forced to grind and clench one’s teeth. It usually happens at night, and people suffering from this disease also bite their nails and chew on pencils and the insides of their cheeks.
It is estimated that nearly 20% of American adults grind their teeth. This is more common among adults over 25 and although it occurs in children, it is usually due to colds, ear infections or allergies. In children, bruxism tends to get resolved on its own.
Bruxism is usually caused by stress, anxiety, pain frustration or anger. Sleep disorders also cause this. People who are more aggressive and more likely to get angry are at higher risk of getting Bruxism. Over a period of time, if Bruxism gets out of hand it can result in permanent damage to the teeth, including cracked and chipped enamel, hairline fractures, wearing down of the teeth to the dentin, gum damage, earaches, headaches and soreness in the jaws.
People with Bruxism are advised to cut back on food and drinks like chocolates, fizzy drinks and coffee. Those with Bruxism are trained to place their tongue between their teeth in order to avoid grinding their teeth. Stress management, behavior therapy, botulinum toxin (Botox) are recommended for those patients who have not responded to other kinds of treatment. Mouth guards and splints to protect the mouth, teeth and jaws are also some recommended ways to treat Bruxism.

for kids Brushing and Flossing ......

have u ever heard the crinckle of a kids laugh......waoooooooooo its make every body to allure himself......the pure smile of a kid and those cute little little tooth r always a sight to watch.....so this post is dedicated to ur baby..........muuuuaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhh
Brushing
Most children spend less than a minute brushing their teeth. Oral health care professionals recommend, however, that they brush for two to three minutes. If it helps, try putting a timer in the bathroom or giving your child a toothbrush with a timer built in. This way, your child will know how long to brush. Or, have them brush for the length of a song, which is generally two to three minutes.
It's especially important that your child brush his or her teeth before going to bed at night. The eight to 10 hours your child is asleep gives bacteria lots of time to feast on food particles left on the teeth and produce enamel-eating acid. The flow of saliva in the mouth also is lower at night so food is less likely to be washed off the teeth.
The technique for brushing your child's teeth is the same whether you do it or he or she does it. If your child is too young to do it him or herself, it may be easiest to cradle his or her head in your one arm while keeping your other hand free to brush.
To brush your child's teeth:

1. Place the toothbrush alongside the teeth. The bristles should be at a 45-degree angle to the gum line.
2. Gently move the brush in a small circular motion cleaning one tooth at time. Be sure to have a system so you don't miss any teeth. For instance, you might start with the bottom back tooth and work your way to the front, then repeat on the opposite side of the mouth before switching to the top teeth.
3. Brush across the chewing surfaces, making sure the bristles get into the grooves and crevices. Clean the side of the teeth that face the tongue using the same circular motion. Again, start in the back and work your way forward. Remember to brush the inside of the top teeth, too.
4. Brush your child's tongue lightly to remove bacteria and keep breath smelling good.
5. Have your child rinse his or her mouth with water.

Most children miss the molars and the tongue sides of the bottom teeth when brushing. Be sure to pay special attention to these areas.
Flossing
Once any two of your child's teeth touch each other, it's time to start flossing. Flossing helps prevent cavities by removing plaque and food particles caught between teeth. It should be an important part of your child's dental routine.
Your child should be able to floss his or her own teeth by the time he or she is 9 years old. To floss younger children's teeth, place them in your lap facing you. The technique is the same, no matter who is doing it. To floss your child's teeth:

1. Take about 18 inches of dental floss and wrap one end around each of your middle fingers.
2. Using your thumbs and index fingers as guides, gently slide the floss between two teeth, using a saw-like motion.
3. Once at the gum line, pull both ends of the floss in the same direction to form a C shape against one tooth. Pull the floss tightly and move it up and down against one tooth.
4. Pull the floss against the other tooth and repeat the motion.
5. Repeat this for all of the teeth. Be sure to floss both sides of the teeth farthest back in the mouth.

Remember, good oral hygiene is an important part of your child's overall health. Your child can get off to a good start by:

• Seeing a dentist regularly
• Brushing twice a day and flossing at night before bedtime at home
• Getting the right amount of fluoride
• Eating a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables

General Cosmetic Dental Problems

 every one wants a beautiful smile...a glittering face..an rect nose.....sab ko khoobsurati chahiye..so let me introduce you to the world of..COSMETIC DENTISRY.....ENJOY BELOW

The main focus of cosmetic dentistry is improving the appearance and function of your teeth through advanced dental procedures that require artistry as well as skill and knowledge. While general dentistry focuses on routine oral hygiene procedures that prevent oral disease and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease, cosmetic dentistry provides those services that correct dental problems that impact the appearance and functionality of your teeth that often make you self-conscious about your smile and can limit your interactions with others.

Every day advances in dental technology, dental materials and dental procedures make cosmetic dental treatments longer lasting, less invasive and more aesthetically appealing than ever before.  Some common cosmetic dental problems include:

• Crooked or chipped teeth
• Discolored or stained teeth
• Gaps in spacing
• Misshapen teeth
• Worn-out dental work
• Missing teeth
• Gummy smiles

Cosmetic Dental Treatments and Procedures

Cosmetic dentistry can improve your oral health and your appearance with immediate and long lasting results. Some typical cosmetic dental procedures to correct common cosmetic dental problems may include:

• Smile makeovers
• Veneers
• Teeth whitening
• Dental crowns, dental bridges, dental bonding
• Dental implants
• Gum reshaping

A combination of one or more of these cosmetic dental procedures may be necessary to achieve the result you desire. Although it is important to set realistic goals and expectations for what the result of your cosmetic dental procedures will be, new dental materials and dental treatments and procedures make the end result almost certainly a natural and pleasing improvement in the appearance of your smile.

If you have a less than perfect smile and would like to learn more about cosmetic dental procedures that can help you achieve your goal of a natural and bright smile, you can benefit from consulting a cosmetic dentist who will assist you in achieving that goal. Bright smiles and good oral health are within reach of anyone looking to improve their appearance and the health of their teeth.

just for ur smile...baby

Babies require daily dental hygiene care in order to prevent mouth irritation and tooth decay. When you take the time to develop good brushing and flossing habits from an early age, it will make this often monotonous task part of their daily routine; for a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.
Babies require daily dental hygiene care in order to prevent mouth irritation and tooth decay. When you take the time to develop good brushing and flossing habits from an early age, it will make this often monotonous task part of their daily routine; for a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.

The Beginnings of Oral Health Care

Dental hygiene should begin shortly after a child is born. After every feeding a clean, warm wash cloth should be used to gently cleanse the inside of the mouth. Thrush, a treatable fungal infection caused by Candida (yeast), often appears in areas of the mouth that may have torn tissue, caused by the constant sucking on a pacifier, bottle, or during breastfeeding. The tiny tears remain moist and, if not removed manually, the yeast may cause the painful condition. Signs of thrush include:

• White patches that appear to coat the tongue, inside tissue of the cheek, and gums
• Irregular-shaped patches that are not able to be wiped away, sticking to the tissue
• Pain when feeding or using a pacifier

If left untreated, a nursing mother may develop thrush on her breast, although is not typically considered contagious. See your doctor or dentist and he may prescribe a medication to clear up the infection.

So Much Pain for Such Small Teeth

Teething can begins around 3 months old but typically begins when your child is 6 to 7 months old. Signs of teething may include:

• Excessive drooling
• Irritability
• "Gumming" or biting
• Appearance of a rash around the mouth, or on the face
• Decrease in appetite
• Excessive crying
• Loss of appetite
• Feverish
• Changes in bowel movements

Help ease the pain of teething by using a clean, cool washcloth to gently massage the gums. Offer the child a cool teething ring or a teething biscuit, if that is appropriate for the age of the child. Always supervise your child when using a teething biscuit because of the potential choking hazard. Talk to your doctor or dentist before using over-the-counter pain reducers or desensitizing gel.

Did You Know?

One in every 2,000 babies is born with one or more teeth. This is referred to as a natal tooth. Teeth that appear in the first month of life are referred to as neonatal teeth. The first teeth that will appear are usually the lower incisors, commonly known as the two front teeth. By the age of three, children should have their complete set of 20 "pearly whites." When the first teeth start to appear, buy a toothbrush designed for the age of your child, usually this is indicated on the packaging, and gently cleanse the entire tooth without toothpaste. Beginning at around 18 months, you may choose to introduce a tooth cleansing paste that is safe to swallow and does not contain fluoride. Many brands of children's toothpaste are available in your local retail store. When in doubt, ask the pharmacist to recommend a brand for you. Different types of baby toothbrushes are on the market; choose one that is right for you and your child.

Early Childhood Caries

Early Childhood Cavities (ECC), more commonly known as "baby bottle tooth decay" is a condition that affects children up to the age of three, or as long as they remain using a bottle. Although rare, ECC may indicate the potential risk for severe tooth decay when the child develops his adult teeth. ECC is caused by:

• Sugars and carbohydrates in the child's diet
• Beverages that contain sugar such as milk, infant formula, fruit juice, or any other liquid that contain or is sweetened with sugar.
• Bacteria transferred from the caregiver to the child
• The frequency of feedings
• Allowing a child to fall asleep with bottle that contains any liquid other than pure water.

Prevent early childhood decay by:

• Offering a pacifier rather than a bottle during naps and bed time
• Speak with your dentist for advice on how to expose your child to fluoride, if it is not available through your water supply. Fluoride is recommended by the American Dental Association to strengthen teeth, which may prevent tooth decay.
• If using a bottle during periods of sleep, fill the bottle with only pure water.

dental decay problem

Knowing how to care for your kids teeth properly now will help ensure they continue to have healthy teeth and gums as they grow into adults. If you are looking for dental information for kids, these basic guidelines will assist you in making dental care a simple part your child's daily routine. Infants require daily oral hygiene, because the tissues in the mouth require cleansing to prevent irritation and infection. Thrush is a treatable fungal infection caused by Candida (yeast) that often appears in areas of the mouth that may have torn tissue, due to the constant sucking of a pacifier, bottle, or during breastfeeding. The tiny tears remain moist, and if not removed, the yeast can cause this painful condition.

The "Baby" Teeth

Babies can begin teething at 3 months old, however it is more common for babies to begin teething around 6 to 7 months old. The first teeth that will appear are usually the lower incisors or front teeth. By the age of 3, children should have their complete set of 20 "pearly whites." It is never too early to begin a regular brushing routine with your child.
As the teeth grow, use a toothbrush that is designed for your child's age, as indicated on the package. Avoid using toothpaste that contains fluoride until your child is old enough to understand that swallowing the toothpaste should be avoided. You may decide to use a tooth-cleansing paste, such as Baby Orajel Tooth and Gum Cleanser that is designed for young children and is safe if swallowed. Follow the manufacturer's recommended age for use.
Use the correct brushing and flossing method, when caring for your child's teeth. Most children like to show their independence by doing tasks, such as brushing their teeth, on their own. Allow your kids brush their teeth themselves, either before or after you have completely removed all of the plaque. You should, however, brush your child's teeth twice a day until he is able to brush his own teeth correctly, around the age of six. When you are confident your child is capable of brushing alone, buy an egg timer or use a stop watch and time your child's brushing for the recommended two minutes. When complete, always do a final inspection. Remember to applaud your child on a job well done, and if you do notice any teeth that have been missed, visually show your child the area and demonstrate how he should remove the plaque or food.

A Visit from the Tooth Fairy

It seems just like yesterday: Your child's first tooth appeared, then, just like that, they start to wiggle and fall out. The permanent teeth usually begin growing in -- called erupting -- when a child is six, although every child is different and may get teeth earlier or later then the norm.
The 32 adult teeth are typically fully erupted between 17 to 25 years old. As the teeth progressively erupt, ensure your child is brushing away any food or plaque that is visible on the tooth. It may be slightly uncomfortable when brushing newly erupted teeth because they are so close to the gumline. But any plaque build-up will not only increase the chances of decay, the gum tissue will become red and inflamed causing pain and inflammation.

Independence

Once your child begins brushing on their own and they have passed your inspection time and again you may, unintentionally, overlook their brushing habits. If you notice any signs of gingivitis, or you can visibly see plaque, encourage the proper brushing and flossing technique for the recommended two minutes. Discuss any concerns you have with your dentist or dental hygienist at their recommended cleaning and check-up appointment. The hygienist will go over brushing and flossing with your child if there are any areas of concern, and will offer tips and suggestions for your child to keep in mind when brushing at home.

Nutrition

Oral health for children goes beyond brushing and flossing. Proper nutrition is essential to help prevent cavities. A diet that is high in sugary foods and beverages greatly increases the rate of tooth decay from plaque build-up in children. Offer your child a diet that contains fresh, healthy fruits and vegetables, proteins, dairy and grains. Limit treats and junk food to once a week. The transition between "baby" teeth and the permanent teeth is not as difficult as teething, although your child may struggle in the eating department. If your child is having problems either because of sore gums or simply because he can't bite into the food, offer softer food choices and try to cut hard food into bite-sized pieces, to be chewed with the molars, or back teeth.

Visit the Dentist

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends that a child should be seen by a dentist when their first tooth appears. The dental staff love to see children in the office and will often offer a "friendly" visit for first-time patients. Children are shown around the office and get to know the dental instruments, have a ride in the dental chair and, if ready, a cleaning and check-up.

Healthy Teeth Last a Lifetime

Even though your child will one day lose his primary teeth, it is important to care for them as if they are the last teeth your child will have. The primary teeth are essential for everyday function, such as eating and speech development. Early Childhood Carries, also known as tooth decay, is a preventable condition that causes painful teeth and gums and may affect your child's self-esteem. By following these guidelines, your child will grow up with healthy teeth and gums and the knowledge of how to continue caring for his teeth as adults.

precautionary cleaning of mouth,,,,

as before every dental procedure....the general scaling or simple mouth rinsing is very necessaary to prevent bacterial and microbial infectionmodes of microbial transmission are of three general categories.

1. Direct contact with infectious lesions, blood or saliva.
2. Indirect transmission via transfer of microorganisms by a contaminated intermediate object.
3. Aerosolization via the airborne transfer of infected blood, saliva, or nasopharyngeal secretion droplets.

For infection control, we emphasize seven major areas:
1. Patient screening and evaluation
2. Personal protection
3. Aseptic technique
4. Instrument Sterilization
5. Environmental surface disinfection
6. Equipment asepsis and
7. Laboratory asepsis.

Apart from a wide variety of aerobic, facultative and anaerobic bacteria, most adults have been infected with and shed herpes viruses. Unless proper protective measures are adopted, dentists face a constant risk of infection from oral and systemic microorganisms transmitted from the patient’s mouth.

Most of the investigations in quest of clinically useful antiseptic agents have focused on chemotherapeutic substances that affect plaque formation, gingivitis or periodontitis. 0.12% Chlorhexidine demonstrates certain characteristics which dictate its use as a pre-procedural mouth rinse.

The broad antibacterial effect of Chlorhexidine include significant reductions in the numbers of total aerobes and anaerobes.

A significant reduction in the total anaerobic bacterial population within one minute after a single rinse with chlorhexidine has been reported. Continued analysis of the microbial flora has demonstrated a five hour antimicrobial effect. Significant reductions in aerobic and facultative bacteria have been noted even in the presence of bioburden such as blood and debris associated with scaling and root planing procedures.

In vitro studies have demonstrated virucidal activity against herpes simplex virus, cytomegalo virus, influenza A, para influenza, and hepatitis B viruses, in as brief an exposure as 30 seconds.

More about chlorhexidine.

Chlorhexidine has been proven to be the most effective chemical agent for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis.

1. It reduces pellicle formation.
2. It allows bacterial absorption and/or attachment to teeth.
3. Alters bacterial cell wall causing lysis.
4. It has a high degree of substantivity i.e., it adheres to tissues and remain for a long time, increasing its effectiveness in fighting bacteria.
5. Non specific antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine has not been associated with development of resistance of pathological oral bacteria.
6. Due to its fungicidal action, chlorhexidine may benefit HIV infected people because of their propensity to contract oral candidiasis.

As a mouth rinse to control plaque and gingivitis, it is recommended to be used twice daily. It should not be used within 30 to 60 mts of a tooth paste since most tooth pastes contain sodium laural sulphate, which can deactivate chlorhexidine. Also, stannous fluoride products should always be used after chlorhexidine since stannous ion and chlorhexidine both compete for and occupy the same site on the tooth.

Some side effects of chlorhexidine include staining of teeth reversible desquamation in young children, alteration of taste, and an increase in supra gingival calcified deposits.

dont forget...aids and dentistry

if we take care of every precautionary during every treatment..including sterilization of instruments...cleaning of hands and general sanitation,,then why forget aids...lets battle it here...folks There are about 80,000 AIDS cases in India and 1.5 million people infected with HIV, according to the statistics from the WHO and the Indian government. According to experts, if the trend continues, India could have as many as 30 million people with HIV by the year 2010- about twice today’s worldwide count.

AIDS specialist David Bloom had mentioned in his speech, "Many experts believe that India will soon have the unfortunate distinction of being the AIDS capital of the world."

AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a highly lethal, progressively epidemic viral infection that destroys the immune system, increasing the individual’s susceptibility to infectious disease and cancer.

A sensitive immunodetection assay has been developed, which is used to identify antibodies in HIV infected patients and as a tool for studying and measuring the levels of CD4 T cells(lymphocytes that fight infection) present during the course of the disease. A normal CD4 cell count is usually above 600 cells/mm3. Severe immune suppression defined as a CD4 cell count below 200cells /mm3 is, as of Jan 1993, an AIDS diagnosis. For most HIV infected patients, there is a long clinical latency period, often extending to seven to eight years.

There are at least 10 genetic types or clades of the human immunodeficiency virus, each antigenically distinct, with different clades predominant in different parts of the world.

At a recent international conference on AIDS, a new triple drug therapy has been declared to be effective. It combines indinavir(it attacks the viral enzyme, HIV-protease, which the virus needs to replicate itself ) with AZT(or zidovudine, an inhibitor which attacks the virus through the enzyme called reverse transcriptase) and 3TC (or lamivudine, another HIV inhibitor), to reduce or eliminate HIV copies in the plasma of infected patients.

The expanding role of the dentist in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era can be classified into six issues.

1. Provision of routine dental care .
2. Oral lesions- screening, diagnosis, treatment, and recognition of their significance.
3. Collaboration with other health care workers and social support systems.
4. Education of other health care workers.
5. Education in the community.
6. Resource to HIV infected health care workers.

Body fluids which contain high concentrations of HIV, which have been linked to transmission of the virus are blood, pre-cum, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Saliva, tears, sweat, and urine can have the virus in them , but in such low concentrations that nobody has ever been infected through them. If any body fluid is visibly contaminated with blood, the risk of transmission exists.

The HIV virus must get into the blood stream to infect a person. In order for infection to occur, 3 things must happen.

1. One must be exposed to blood, pre-cum, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.

2. The virus must get directly into the blood stream through some fresh cut, open sore, abrasion etc.,

3. Transmission should go directly from one person to the other very quickly. The virus does not survive more than a few minutes outside the body.

The non specific symptoms of AIDS, which can include fevers, fatigue, weight loss, severe diarrhea, do not begin until an average of 10 years after infection. Generally, any symptoms that last for more than 2 weeks and do not go away, or any symptoms that are very severe, need medical attention.

The ADA strongly affirms that Universal precautions are an effective and adequate means of preventing transmission of HIV virus from dental health care workers to patients and vice versa. Based on the experience of numerous general dentists over the last 10 to 15 years, patients infected with HIV can safely be treated in general dental settings.

However, establishment of dedicated clinics for HIV infected patients may be justified because clinical staff in such settings develop increased clinical experience and will be able to manage more complex patients with greater confidence.

To minimize complications after dental procedures, a thorough and appropriate medical assessment is necessary. The main concern for dentists treating HIV infected cases are;

-increased bleeding tendencies,
-post operative infections.
-drug interactions
-adverse reactions and
-prognosis for survival.

The mode of HIV transmission influence the provision of dental care. Hemophiliacs demand modifications of dental care, moreover, they have a high prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis delta virus infection.

Intravenous drug users(IVDUs) also have a high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections. IVDUs are highly susceptible to develop bouts of bacterial endocarditis. The use of appropriate analgesics is another concern while treating IVDUs.

Homosexual men show a propensity to develop certain types of oral lesions, such as necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection is also high in this patient population.

Children with perinatally acquired HIV are considered to be at greater risk for caries than their siblings, more so with advancing disease.

During the course of HIV disease, patients take increasing number of medications. Dentists need to be aware of the medications that can cause neutropenia and anemia. These include zidovudine and trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim). Zidovudine may also cause reduced salivary flow.

Many HIV infected patients are started on trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole when their CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/ mm3. More than 50%, however, develop severe adverse reactions and need to stop taking the medication. Patients also show increased adverse reactions toward other antibiotics, including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, dicloxacillin, erythromycin and clindamycin, when their CD4 cell count decreases.

During the course of HIV disease, all patients develop oral alterations, but none of these lesions are specific for HIV disease, and they can be present in other immune suppressed individuals. These lesions range from asymptomatic, subtle changes of the oral mucosa that are secondary to a decreased salivary flow or candidiasis to rapidly destructive lesions, such as necrotizing stomatitis, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, deep mycoses, and cancers.

The treatment of some of these oral lesions can be handled in a dental office on an outpatient basis. When treatment includes radiation, cancer chemotherapy, and long term intravenous medication for neoplasms, it is advantageous for the dentist to be a part of the treatment team instead of being the primary provider.

The treatment team may have a general internal medicine specialist who takes care of the patient’s non- infectious needs, and an infectious disease specialist to attend to all HIV related care. Community based organizations and social support networks are also involved with a multitude of services, including psychological counseling and drug rehabilitation.

Based on the current epidemiological evidences, Epstein and others have reported that infectious diseases, specially blood borne pathogens such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV are not transmitted from patient to patient via dental instruments.

Though it has been suggested that dental handpieces are capable of transmitting HIV in a dental setting, there has never been any reports that such a transmission has occurred.

Special attention should be paid to dentists who are more susceptible to diseases potentially transmitted in a dental setting, They include pregnant women, due to their immunologic changes and the developing foetus; dentists with the habit of excessive alcohol intake; those who had undergone splenectomy, radiotherapy, and long term corticosteroid therapy; also, dentists suffering from diseases that have an impact on the first and secondary defense against infections such as diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, leukemia or HIV.

THE NANO DENTISTRY.......UPCOMING

as the times are advancing....we are ahead toa fruit ful age of NANO...nano technology is going to bring revolution is every field and so in dentistry also......

The late Nobel Prize winning Physicist Richard P Feynman in 1959 proposed using machine tools to make smaller machine tools, which in turn, would be used to make still smaller machine tools, and so on, all the way down to the molecular level. Such nanomachines, nanorobots and nanodevices ultimately could be used to develop a wide range of atomically precise microscopic instrumentation and manufacturing tools. Attempts are going on at present to produce molecular computer components using molecular parts at the nanometer (10-9 meter or 1 billionth of a meter) scale.

Nanotechnology will have future medical applications leading to the emergence of nanomedicine and nanodentistry. Nanodentistry will make it possible to maintain a near perfect oral health through the use of nanomaterials, biotechnology, including tissue engineering and nanorobotics. The nanorobotic functions may be controlled by an onboard nanocomputer that executes preprogrammed instructions in response to local sensor stimuli.

Local anaesthesia: In the era of nanodentistry, to induce local anaesthesia, dental professional will instill a colloidal suspension containing millions of active analgesic micrometer sized dental nanorobot particles on the patient’s gingivae. After contacting the surface of the crown or mucosa, the ambulating nanorobots reach the dentin by migrating into the gingival sulcus and passing painlessly through the lamina propria or the 1-3 micrometer thick layer of loose tissue at the cemento dentinal junction.

On reaching the dentin, the nanorobots enter dentinal tubule holes that are 1-4 micrometers in diameter and proceed toward the pulp, guided by a combination of chemical gradients, temperature differentials and even positional navigation, all under the control of the onboard nanocomputer, as directed by the dentist.

Orthodontic treatment: Orthodontic nanorobots could directly manipulate the periodontal tissues (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone), allowing rapid and painless tooth straightening, rotating and vertical repositioning within minutes to hours.

Natural tooth maintenance: The appearance and durability of tooth may be improved by replacing upper enamel layers with covalently bonded artificial materials such as sapphire or diamond, which have 20 to 100 times the hardness and strength of natural enamel.

A subocclusal dwelling nanorobotic dentifrice delivered by mouthwash or toothpaste could patrol all supragingival and sub gingival surfaces at least once a day, metabolizing trapped organic matter into harmless and odorless vapors and performing continuous calculus debridement.

Dentirobots could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria residing in the plaque and elsewhere, while allowing the 500 or so species of harmless oral micro flora to be maintained in a healthy ecosystem. With this kind of daily dental care available from an early age, conventional tooth decay and gingival disease will disappear.

When do you require an emergency dentist?....i think....

as the field is concern their is general;ly no emergency occurs...but who knows It.....exceptions are always there might be that you go to nearby dentists for dental cleaning and various other purposes almost regularly. But none can ensure that you will not be affected by dental emergency situations even for once. On the contrary, this is a too common incident and may start troubling you even in the middle of the night. How can you deal with any such situation? To chuck out any such situation, you have got to take help of emergency dentist and there is barely any other option. It ought to be noted all at once that some specific dental emergency situations have need of the attention of an emergency dentist. If you don’t have the ideas, let me tell you.

Do you have dental cement? Remember that the same can rinse out devoid of warning. Again crowns along with fillings and bridges might decay for an assortment of reasons and also a distinct part of the tooth may also break. Without a doubt all these are gravest or most grievous dental issues and are competent enough to amount to pain along with additional discomforts. To deal with all these, you have got to take help of an emergency dentist. In any such situation your job is to call the emergency dentist. Well, if you have the strength to put up with the pain you can wait for your own dentist. But it is always advised not to make a mess of the whole thing. It can lead to catastrophes only.

Now let’s crack down on other issues. It is necessary to remember that creation of teeth happens to be in 2 layers. Among these the internal one is called as pulp and does contain nerves along with blood vessels. Bear in mind that any kind of penetration to the pulp layer in case of tooth breakage will have need of root canal treatment. There is also the middle layer or dentin layer, devoid of any requirement of emergency treatment similar to the pulp. However, it is also exceedingly sensitive at the same time. This does apply to the outmost layer, known as the enamel. Again chips in addition to broken pieces of the enamel may not need the notice of any emergency dentist. Reason? If truth be told, it remains left unprocessed from time to time.

Are you conscious of the basic causes of dental pain? Well, it is the dead tooth (believed as the most familiar source of pain). What do emergency dentists do in reality? Some of them are found to opt for root canal treatment, helps to dispose of deceased and decomposing nerve. But some emergency dentists, at times, do make use of oral surgery so as to render comfort to patients tolerating dental pain. How can you find out the best emergency dentist? Carry out an extensive research in the internet and look for the best emergency dentist living in your close proximity.

Last of all, not every dental issue remains in need of emergency dentist even though we love to think in this manner. To ascertain this, you have to be conversant with the basics of dental pain. Start studies from today itself.

general Dental injuries- problems and solution

the very sensitive part of our body is our mouth.we all do suffer from various problems through out the whole life in our mouth..though all problems are not 100 % curable....but at least we can give our 100%to cure them.....here is a mere attempt from me,,,Tooth aches or knocked out tooth- both can be pretty painful. In both the cases swelling is pretty common and if there is swelling you won’t be able to eat anything. People get really disturbed because of swelling and that is why swelling needs immediate attention. For that, the emergency dental services can be really helpful for you. Sometimes people ignore oral swelling and that can be fatal. This type of swelling can even cause oral infection. One must avoid this type of infection because it can even affect the blood vessels and nerves of your teeth. Later if this problem persists then you may need to go through longer treatment. If in case you left it untreated then it can create pus inside the gum and that will lead to abscess. It can even spread further and affect your cheek bone and jaw bone in quite a fatal way. That is why you must rush to the emergency dentist in case of any type of oral swelling. There are different therapies to treat swelling. The emergency dentist will take the final decision whether he wants to opt for root canal therapy or some other types of treatment need to be done. Root canal therapy can be a little painful as the expert will remove the infected tissues and nerves from the affected part of the tooth and gum. In case of root canal therapy your tooth remains intact and that is why most of the people prefer root canal than other types of therapy. If the swelling is really hard then sometimes the incision is needed to cure the affected part properly. A gum infection can also create swelling and if you have some gum disease already, then there is maximum chance to get affected by the gum infection. This is a bacterial infection and without proper treatment it can never be treated fully. The dentists use the antibiotics and sometime they even pluck that tooth to cure the infection. A very effective homemade treatment is gargling with salty warm water. Many people opt for pain relievers and avoid going to the dentists. If you go to the emergency and treat your problem then you will surely get more benefited. Knocked out tooth and swelling - both needs your attention. In case of knocked out tooth you need to keep the tooth in a cup full of milk before going to the dentist. The dentist will check out the tooth and then he will decide about the further treatment. If he feels that he can re implant the tooth then that is surely great for you. After the re plantation of the tooth it needs 7-10 days to get cured properly. If you are a sports person then you can use a mouth guard to avoid such troubles. This is really important for the people who are into any types of sports. If in case you face any trouble in your teeth then you must not delay and go to the nearest emergency dentist to treat the problem soon.